Analysis Of The Movie Interstellar - 758 Words

â€Å"Interstellar† (Obst, Thomas Nolan, 2014) a great science fiction story with so various elements. Escorts us traveling through wormholes, into planets in other galaxies, and black holes. The characters keep colliding into the effects of relativity, which thoroughly explained in numerous scenarios. A story about love and family, but there happens to be a villain, whose actions result in shocking consequences for the other characters. There’s a great deal of emotion expressed by the character, which makes a great impact on how the film’s viewed. The movie will take place sometime in the future where the earth is slowly becoming uninhabitable for the reason of a global crop plague in addition to a second dust bowl occurring. The science†¦show more content†¦Imagine leaving your young child and coming back after an interstellar expedition trip and your child, now aged and lying in a hospital bed. While it only seemed only a couple days for the parent, the child waited a life time. That’s what Cooper, the main actor of the movie, and Murphy, the daughter of Cooper, went through. The emotional scene when Murphy was lying on a hospital bed, Cooper asked Murphy how did she know he was coming back. Murphy replied, â€Å"Because my father promised me he would.† He replied, â€Å"I’m here now, I’m here† and she ends it by saying, â€Å"No, no parent should have to watch their own child die (Obst, Thomas Nolan, 2014).† That’s how â€Å"Interstellar† (Obst, Thomas Nolan, 2014) was trying to express how astrophysics works also how time is when traveling from galaxy to galaxy. Finally, heading back to why this entire trip happened in the first place. Earth was slowly dying, crops were not making it through the seasons along with a dust bowl existing during the time. NASA no longer exists, all but for one space station. The Earth is in an unhealthy condition and the people were the cause of it. That right there is a glimpse of how it could end up, therefore, the only possible way to live was to find a new planet to live on. Establishes an idea about how it is on a daily basis, such as wearing face masks when the dust comes around, making sure the doors and all windows stay shutShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar728 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Interstellar† is the name of a movie that relates to this environmental course. Interstellar is defined as â€Å"space between stars within a galaxy† (collinsdictionary.com). The idea of this movie was to see where in this world are humans able to survive. There were a few main characters i n which the movie had. There was the main character name Cooper, whom did all of the exploring in the movie. Coopers daughter Murphy, Professor Brand, Brands daughter, Mann, and Romilly. These names might make no senseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar 1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie â€Å"Interstellar† takes place in a vast, desert of a land which is barely recognizable as the planet, Earth. America suffers severely from famine, dust storms, and lack of advanced technology. Due to a previous accident, as well as with the worldwide food shortage, Cooper, a former NASA pilot, now works as a farmer to produce the only food left in the world. His adventure begins when his brilliant daughter, Murphy, stumbles upon coordinates to NASA’s secret headquarters. Upon their arrivalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar 2117 Words   |  9 PagesInterstellar Let yourself be transported to the future where drought, famine and disasters run rampant on Earth. The only way to ensure that the people of Earth survive is a journey into the depths of space. A story of survival, hardships, and triumph this is Interstellar. This film was directed by Christopher Nolan in 2014. To fully understand how this film uses the fundamentals of moviemaking to make a complete and complex film I will be discussing the elements of narrative, mise en scene, cinematographyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar By Christopher Nolan Essay3252 Words   |  14 PagesInterstellar by Christopher Nolan, 2014. Did you know that Interstellar was filmed without a green screen? They brought in real spaceship pieces and built their own set to make it seem more real and try to keep the audience hooked. Christopher Nolan was a splendid director for Interstellar. From the movie Interstellar, he won the Empire Award for Best Director. Some of the main characters are: Cooper (Matthew McConaughey), Murph (little girl: Mackenzie Foy), Tom (boy: Timothee Chalamet), Donald (JohnRead MoreThe Influence Of Theatrical Media On College Life1226 Words   |  5 Pageswanted something to do during my time. I developed positivity, resources, and character through my college journey. I look at this journey as a developing and purposeful time in my transition to adulthood. These four years in college can be seen as a movie for some individuals. Similarly, movies also try to convey specific issues and ideals. There are lessons, ethics, and ideals that may be learned by watching movies. Theatrical media is open fo r diverse interpretations of the content and may also learnRead MoreAnalysis Of Hans Zimmer s Interstellar 1310 Words   |  6 Pageswell as improve the emotional impact of certain scenes. In this paper, we perform a critical analysis of Hans Zimmers Interstellar soundtrack. Hans Zimmer’s Interstellar soundtrack Hans Zimmer’s score for the Interstellar soundtrack has been considered incredibly unique and aplicable to the movie itself. In fact, the movie’s producer, Nolan said that â€Å"I believe that Hans score for Interstellar has the tightest bond between music and image that we ve yet achieved. The soundtrack wasRead MoreThe Controversy Regarding The Utilization Of Nuclear Energy1734 Words   |  7 Pagesin Fort Calhoun, when operating at full capacity, is apt to sustain almost five-hundred megawatts of electricity per hour. The largest, situated in Palo Verde, Arizona, produces almost four-thousand megawatts per hour (Independent Statistics and Analysis). As the average American household consumes an estimated one kilowatt across the span of one month, the average nuclear reactor generates enough electricity to power almost one million households in a given year. â€Å"†¦the fission of an atom of uraniumRead MoreWhere is everybody An exploration of the Fermi Par adox2504 Words   |  11 Pagesbroadcasting at this frequency. [2] Extraterrestrial civilizations may have no wish to communicate with us. In the wild, creatures do not necessarily want to be found. Many in fact evolve mechanisms to hide. A noisy planet may put itself at risk of interstellar predators. Human beings certainly make no effort to mask our footprints; constant probes and signals emanate from planet Earth in hope of satisfying our insatiable curiosity and relieving our stellar loneliness, but there is no reason to believe

Birth Control Theory Essay - 1220 Words

In 1798, Thomas Malthus started the slow trend toward socially acceptable birth control practices in Great Britain, when he published his book, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus studied the birth rates of animals and found that creatures tend to have more offspring than they can raise. He argued that the control of national birth rates inevitably improved living conditions for city dwellers. Malthus felt that celibacy and controlling the number of children families produced were the best methods to lower national birth rates. In the Nineteenth Century British suffragists started discussing the use of birth control in the planning of motherhood. Early suffragists recommended that women either abstain from sex or use the†¦show more content†¦The Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century and the Enlightenment of the Eighteenth Century encouraged the belief that women belonged in the home. Male scientists argued that men and women differed both anatomic ally and mentally. Scientists felt that women were the physically weaker of the sexes which caused ladies to be mentally immature, irrational, and lack modesty. The early Nineteenth Century British female philosopher, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women had the ability to reason and needed to be educated in order to become accomplished mothers and wives. Her 1792 book, Vindication of the Rights of Women, reinforced the place of women in the private sphere. The private sphere discouraged women from using birth control methods to prevent motherhood. During the First World War, women took on roles in society that were once solely occupied by men. Prior to 1918 women could not vote. After years of Struggle, in 1918 women gained the right to vote. In First World War women took on traditional masculine roles like working in heavy industry. The untraditional responsibilities women acquired during the war changed the way women responded to the concept of family. After the war, women needed to assume new roles outside of motherhood to compensate for men that did not return from battle. Dr. Marie Stopes was a scientist in the early Twentieth Century. She argued in her book, Birth Control and Other Writings, Volume 1, that men and women would beShow MoreRelatedReverend Thomas, Robert Malthus969 Words   |  4 Pageswas a political/classical economist born in the late 1760’s. He studied at several different schools in the areas of mathematics, literature, and arts. Malthus was married in the early 1800’s and had three chi ldren. Malthus is most famous for his theories on population growth and how he proposed we go about controlling it. He later died in the 1830’s at the age of 68. Childhood and Education Thomas Malthus, more commonly called Robert, was born near Guildford, Surrey, England. His parents, DanielRead MoreCritical Examination of Malthusian Theory of Population Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesat Haileybury College of the East Indian Company. He was a philosopher of 19th century. He lived his life from 1766 to 1834 AD. After writing an essay on the Principle of Population in 1805 AD, he became popular in the history of population studies. In his essay which later on became a very famous theory by the name Malthusian Theory. In the theory, he has drawn some assumptions such as: ol li value=1 Human beings have great potentialities to produce children li value=2 In agricultureRead MoreOutline Malthus’s Theory of Population and Access His Contribution to the Reform of the Poor Laws in 1834.1580 Words   |  7 Pageslife, Malthus wrote many books and essays and his writings can be split into two periods. In the first period his writings dealt with the unrest of labour and attempts to restructure society to promote the welfare of the worker. In the second period from 1814 onwards, his writings dealt more with the corn laws and the problems between the landlords and capitalists. This essay will explain why his first essay on the theory of population in 1798 and his second essay in 1803 were written, what theyRead MoreMargaret Sanger And The Birth Control Movement Highlighted1187 Words   |  5 PagesMargaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement highlighted a variety of important issues. These issues include women’s right to make decisions privately versus the right of a community to regulate moral behavior; the ethn ic demographics of the American people; the ability of women to control their own physical destinies by limiting family size; and the idea that small families were the way to keep the American dream alive. The debate over birth control spoke to personal and political issues, whichRead MoreEssay on Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Does the Diagnosis Mean?1630 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be. Many people have heard the work autism, but could not define it if asked. Two essays I recently came across, â€Å"Joey: A ‘Mechanical Boy’† written by Bruno Bettelheim and â€Å"Thinking in Pictures†, written by Temple Grandin, share the common topic at hand, autism. Both essays talk about the struggles autism brings to not only the one diagnosed with the disability, but those around him or her. Also, the essays also explore on how those with autism are treated and looked at differently. AutismRead MoreThe Cognitive Response Theory On Birth Control1222 Words   |  5 Pagesthe goal of this research project, the cognitive response theory was used and is being provided to divide this chapter into three major sections. The first section provides an exclusive look into the evolution of birth control and its comparison of the contraception methods used in the 20th century vs. today’s current 21st century. A second section focuses on the use of advertising to promote birth control and the effectiveness of birth control and does it truly work. While the third section concludesRead MoreIs Child Development Best Described as Gradual Change, or as a Series of Stages?1277 Words   |  6 PagesPSY1011/1111 Essay cover sheet Essay Title: Is child development best described as gradual change, or as a series of stages? Student number: M00330526 Word count (Excluding title and references section): 1076 Declaration By submitting this work I acknowledge that I am its author, that all sources consulted in its preparation are referenced appropriately in accordance with the referencing guide, and that I have not copied from any source. The development of children occursRead MoreEssay The First Two Years of Life1427 Words   |  6 Pagesyears after birth, through the developing person has to do with three domains biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial. There are many different theories regarding the first two years. The three most influential works on growth and development was done by Piaget, Freud and Erikson. Piaget’s theory was called cognitive development or the sensorimotor stage. This is when the child interacts with his surroundings through physical action such as pushing, sucking, grabbing, etc. Freud’s theory of developmentRead MoreRole Of Family Identified By Functionalist Theory And Marxist Theory1203 Words   |  5 Pagesfunction of the family in society is often discussed and debated. As a result, there are various theories developed which include functionalist theory, feminist theory and Marxist theory (Mary Maynard, 2000) and each theory has explained a number of roles played by family, both positive and negative. This essay will briefly illustrate three traditional roles of family identified by functionalist theory and discuss whether the role of family has changed in the current society. Before we can moveRead More Thomas Malthuss overpopulation theory Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pages A little over two hundred years ago a man by the name of Thomas Malthus wrote a document entitled â€Å"An Essay on the Principle of Population† which essentially stated that there is an imbalance between our ability to produce food and our ability to produce children. He said human beings are far better at making babies than they are at finding food for survival. His entire essay is based on these two assumptions. â€Å" First, That food is necessary to the existence of man. And second, that the passion

Fracking Causing More Harm Than Good Essay Example For Students

Fracking: Causing More Harm Than Good Essay If the question: â€Å"what hydraulic fracturing or fracking is?† was asked to the average person, depending on their location their answer could vary. Most likely though most or many people would not know what Fracking truly is but most would say that they have heard at least a little about it from the news. Hydraulic fracturing also known as fracking is a process that occurs after well has been drilled or bored, and the process through use of a perforated casing that injects fracking fluid which travels through the holes and to target zones and soon when the target zones can’t absorb the fluid and pressure is created causing natural gas or oil to flow up to the surface (Hydraulic Fracturing 101). â€Å"Hydraulic fracturing (aka fracking) stimulates wells drilled into these formations, making profitable otherwise prohibitively expensive extraction; geological formations may contain large quantities of oil or gas† (Hydraulic Fracturing 101). Hydraulic fracturing though profitable is impacting the environment in negative ways but the U. S. government and fuel companies choose to deny that it is. It uses massive amounts of water, causes water pollution, and if we become dependent on its economic gains we could end up like countries such as Saudi Arabia.Hydraulic fracturing as stated before uses fracking fluid. An info graphic on â€Å"Average Fluid Composition for US Shale Plays† shows that 99.2% of the fluid is water and the other . 79% are chemicals (Chemical Use in Hydraulic Fracturing).The other chemicals are Acid, Corrosion Inhibitor, friction reducer, Clay Control, cross linker, Scale Inhibitor, Breaker, Iron Control, Biocide, and Gellant.Now even though these chemicals are less than 1% of the fluid mixture they are still very harsh and toxic. .on.org. EarthWorks, n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.Hydraulic Fracturing 101. EarthWorksAction.org. EarthWorks, n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2013.United States. Enviromental Protection Agency. The Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle. United States Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2013.What Chemicals Are Used. FracFocus.org. Interstate Oil Gas Compact Commission/GroundWater Protection Council, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2013.Left Picture-Contamination from Fracking in Many Areas Sets Water Faucets on Fire. 2010. Photograph. The Film,Gasland The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculates Justice, Peace, and Integrity of Creation. Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 14 Sept. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.Right Picture-Thiessen, Mark. N.d. Photograph. Granville Summit, PA. National Geographic. By Katherine Hobson. National Geographic Society, 01 Apr. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.

Uttarakhand and Its History Essay Example

Uttarakhand and Its History Essay UTTARAKHAND Uttarakhand (Sanskrit: , Uttarakhan? am ? , Hindi: , Uttarakhan? ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: , Dev bhumi ? ) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduisms most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of theHimalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. [2] It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south, Haryana to the west and Himachal Pradesh to the north west. The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara ( meaning north, and kha ( ) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km? ). In January 2007, the name of the state was officially changed from Uttaranchal, its interim name, to Uttarakhand. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, which is also a rail-head and the largest city in the region. The small hamlet of Gairsain has been mooted as the future capital owing to its g eographic centrality but controversies and lack of resources have led Dehradun to remain provisional capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Uttarakhand and Its History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Uttarakhand and Its History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Uttarakhand and Its History specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The High Court of the state is in Nainital. Recent developments in the region include initiatives by the state government to capitalise on handloom and handicrafts, the burgeoning tourist trade as well as tax incentives to lure high-tech industry to the state. The state also has big-dam projects, controversial and often criticised in India, such as the very large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana rivers, conceived in 1953, the phase one of which has already been completed. 3] Uttarakhand is also well known as the birthplace of the Chipko environmental movement,[4] and other social movements including the mass agitation in the 1990s that led to its formation. Main article: History of Uttarakhand Ancient History The king of mountains Himalaya is said to consist of five segments i. e. , Nepal Kurmanchal, Kedar, Kangda and Ruchir Kashmir. This Mid Himalayan region ofGarhwal and Kumaon, which is commonly known as Uttarakhand today was called by the name KEDARKHAND and MANASKHAND in t he Purans. According to the famous Historian Mr. Shiv Prasasd Dabral taking the word Uttarapad andkhand from Kedarkhand formed the term Uttaranchal. This mountain region however is the same, which was once renowned in its snow-covered form during the Vedic era and sang the saga of glorious deeds of the kings, Saints and Ascetics of the time. It was referred to as Uttarpanchal by the compilers of the Upnishads, Uttarkaushal by Valmiki and Uttarkuru by Ved Vyasa who wrote the epic Mahabharata. It is the same place that was Uattarapatti for Panini and Kautilya; Kiratmandal for Kirats, Khashadesh for the Khas, Kartipur for Katayurs. It was Parvatkaran and Giryavali for the early historian and Uttaranchal or Uttarakhand of the present day politicians. The different parts of the Uttarakhand have been referred to asIlawarat, Brahmpur, Rudrahimalaya, Sapaldaksh, Shivalik, Kurmanchat Karajat Kamaugarh, Kamadesh, Kumaon, SarkarI and Garhwal lover the past 3000 years. The western part of this region that comprising of 52 fortresses has been referred to as Garhwal over past 500 years. Samprat, Chamoli, Pauri, Uttarkashi and Dehradun add to the pristine beauty of the Garhwal region. The eastern region comprising of Almora, Nainital and Pithoragarh districts together known as the Kumaon region. On account of security reason the government has for the past four decades considered only Chamoli and Pithoragarh districts as Uttaranchal, but for the residents of the Uttaranchal this entire hilly region covers an area of 51,125 sq. km and comprising of 15,951 villages, 89 developmental segments and some adjoining plains as signal geographic social and cultural Unit. The history of Uttaranchal State can be better understood through the history of Garhwal and Kumaon divisions separately, because they maintained independent identity except the period of Nepali aggression. Garhwal The Garhwal Himalayas have nurtured civilization from the wee hours of history. It appears to have been a favorite locale for the voluminous mythology of the Puranic period. The traditionai name of Garhwal was Uttarakhand and excavations have revealed that it formed part of the Mauryan Empire. It also finds mention in the 7th-century travelogue of Huen Tsang. However, it is with Adi Shankaracharya that the name of Garhwal will always be lhiked, for the great 8th-century spiritual reformer visited the remote, snow-laden heights of Garhwal, established a math Joshimath) and resorted some of the most sacred shrines, including Badrinath and Kedarnath. The history of Garhwal as one unified whole began in the 15th century, when king Ajai Pal merged the-52 separate principalities, each with its own garh or fortress. For 300 years, Garhwal remained one kingdom, with its capital at Srinagar (on the left bank of Alaknanda river). Then Pauri and Dehradun were perforce ceded to the Crown as payment for British help, rendered to the Garhwalis during the Gurkha invasion, in the early 19th century. Kumaon Humankind has been around in Kumaon for a very long time. Evidences of Stone Age settlements have been found in Kumaon, particularly the rock shelter at Lakhu Udyar. The paintings here date back to the Mesolithic period. The early medieval history of Kumaon is the history of the Katyuri dynasty. The Katyuri kings ruled from the seventh to the 11 th century, holding sway at the peak of their powers over large areas of Kumaon, Garhwal, and western Nepal. The town of Baijnath near Almora was the capital of this dynasty and a center of the arts. Temple building flourished under the Katyuris and the main architectural innovation introduced by them was the replacement of bricks with stone. On a hilltop facing east (opposite Almora), is the temple of Katarmal. This 900-year-old sun temple was built during the declining years of the Katyuri dynasty. The intricately carved doors and panels have been removed to the National Museum in Delhi as a protective measure after the 10th-century idol of the presiding deity was stolen. After an interregnum of a couple of centuries, the Chands of Pithoragarh became the dominant dynasty. The Chand rulers built the magnificent temple complex at Jageshwar, with its cluster of a hundred and sixty-four temples, over a span of two centuries. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the evocative carvings are complemented by the beautiful deodar forest around it. [edit]Geography Main article: Geography of Uttarakhand Uttarakhand has a total geographic area of 51,125 km? , of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by forest. Most of the northern parts of the state are part of Greater Himalaya ranges, covered by the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers, while the lower foothills were densely forested till denuded by the British log merchants and later, after independence, by forest contractors. Recent efforts in reforestation, however, have restored the situation to some extent. The Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a large number of animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants and rare herbs. Two of Indias largest rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, and are fed by myriad lakes, glacial melts and streams in the region. [17] Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to subtropical forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between 3,000 and 5,000 metres (9,800 and 16,000 ft) are montane grasslands and shrublands: the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Temperate coniferous forests, the western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, grow just below the tree line. At 3,000 to 2,600 metres (9,800 to 8,500 ft) elevation they transition to the temperate western Himalayan broadleaf forests, which lie in a belt from 2,600 to 1,500 metres (8,500 to 4,900 ft) elevation. Below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) elevation lie the Himalayan subtropical pine forests. The Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests and the drier Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border. This belt is locally known as Bhabhar. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain. [18] Indian National Parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District, and Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District. [show]Population Growth According to 2001 India census, Uttarakhand had a population of approximately . 48 million. A population exceeding 10 million is expected by the next census of 2011. The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called eitherKumaoni or Garhwali depending on their place of origin in either the Garhwal or Kumaon region. Another well known category is Gujjar, they were the rulers of a kingdom with capital at Landhaura and which covered the whole of todays Haridwar Distr ict. Gujjars King Raja Ramdayal Singh Panwar had helped the Tehri ruler against the Gorkhas and the Present MLA from Laksar in Haridwar is Kunwar Pranav Singh Champion is the descendant of that King. Gujjar is a dominant community of Haridwar District. Kumaoni and Garhwali dialects of Central Pahari are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal region respectively. Jaunsari andBhotiya dialects are also spoken by tribal communities in the west and north respectively. The urban population however converses mostly in Hindi. Sanskrit has also official status in the state. Hindus form the majority of the population at 85. 0%, Muslims form 10. 5%, Sikhs 2. 5% and Christians, Buddhists, Jains and others about 0. 5%. It has male-female ratio of . 964 and has a literacy rate of 72%. The largest cities in the state include Dehradun (530,263), Haridwar (220,767), Haldwani (158,896),Roorkee (115,278) and Rudrapur (88,720). The state government recognizes 15,620 villages and 81 cities and urban areas. Historians of Kumaon and Garhwal say that in the beginning there were only three castes: Rajput, Brahmin and Shilpkar. Main occupation of Rajput wereZamindari and law enforcement. Occupation of Brahmins were to perform religious rituals in temples and religious occasions. Shilpkar were mainly working for rajputs, in their lands and were expert in handcrafts. The famous surnames Kalakoti, Chauhan, Bisht, Bhayera, Nainwal, Rawat, Dhapola, Rautela and Negiare used by Rajputs. Bahuguna, Bhatt, Naithani are some of the famous Brahmin surname, having a university by the name of Bahuguna in Pauri district of Garhwal. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of brahmins of any community in India, with approximately 20% of the population being brahmin. [20] [edit]Government and politics The present Chief Minister of Government of Uttarakhand is Mr. Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri. He was appointed as the sixth Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. Governor Margaret Alva administered the oath of office and secrecy to Khanduri, who returns to the top post two years after he was removed by the party after it lost all the five Lok Sabha seats in the 2009 general elections. The last state elections in Uttarakhand were held on 21 February 2007. TheBharatiya Janata Party emerged as the largest party with 34 seats in the 70-seat Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly. One seat short of forming a majority, the BJP have had to rely on support from the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal and three independents to form the government. The Indian National Congress is the official opposition, holding 21 seats. [edit]Chief Ministers of Uttarakhand ?Nityanand Swami ?Bhagat Singh Koshiyari ?Narayan Dutt Tiwari ?B C Khanduri ?Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank ?B C Khanduri [edit]Districts Districts of Uttarakhand Main article: Districts of Uttarakhand There are 14 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal. 4 more districts namely Didihat, Ranikhet, Kotdwar and Yamunotri were declared by the then CM of Uttarakhand, Ramesh Pokhariyal on 15 Aug 2011. However, these districts have NOT been created yet. The Kumaon division includes Six districts. ?Almora ?Bageshwar ?Champawat ?Nainital ?Pithoragarh ?Udham Singh Nagar Proposed Districts ?Didihat to be carved out from Pithoragarh ?Ranikhet to be carved out from Almora district The Garhwal division includes Seven districts. ?Dehradun ?Haridwar ?Tehri Garhwal ?Uttarkashi ?Chamoli ?Pauri Garhwal (commonly known as Garhwal) ?Rudraprayag Proposed Districts ?Kotdwar to be carved out from Pauri district ?Yamunotri to be carved out from Uttarkashi Four new districts were announced to be formed by the Chief Minister in his Independence Day speech, namely Kotdwar, Yamunotri, Didihat and Ranikhet. The total number of districts in the state will go up to 17. Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri is new chief minister of Uttrakhand. Khanduri take a oath on 11 september 2011. Ramesh pokhariyal resign from the post on the day 11 sept 2011. Now B. C. Khanduri is th 6th Chief minister of Uttrakhanad. [edit]Important cities CityPopulationDistrict Dehradun 7,78,593Dehradun Haridwar 3,24,372Haridwar Haldwani 2,76,942Nainital Roorkee 2,52,784Haridwar Kashipur 1,81,208Udham Singh Nagar Kotdwara 1,16,497Kotdwara Rudrapur 119281Udham Singh Nagar Rishikesh 75,020Dehradun(Mainly in Dehradun)/(Partly in)Haridwar/Tehri/Pauri Grahwal Pithoragarh 66378Pithoragrah Manglaur 65267Haridwar Ramnagar 47099Nainital Nainital 38560Nainital Almora 30613Almora Mussoorie 26069Dehradun Pauri 25400Pauri Garhwal Srinagar 19861Pauri Garhwal Gopeshwar 19855Chamoli Ranikhet 19049Almora Uttarkashi 16220 (2001)Uttarkashi Tanakpur 15810Champawat Khatima 14378Udham Singh Nagar Vikasnagar 12485Dehradun Bageshwar 7803Bageshwar Banbasa 7138Champawat District Karanprayag 6976Chamoli Champawat 3958Champawat Bhuwan Rudraprayag 2242Rudraprayag Devprayag 2144Pauri Garhwal Dharchula(District Pithoragarh) [edit]Economy The size of Uttarakhands Economy as measured by its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for 2011 (Financial year ending March 2011) is estimated at 775. 8 billion in current prices. Born out of the division of Uttar Pradesh, the new state of Uttarakhand produces about 12% of the output of the old Uttar Pradesh state. Consolidated Finvest and Holdings, a SP CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office in Uttarakhand. It reported a gross income of 137 million for 2005. [citation needed] In 2003, a new industrial policy for the state with generous tax benefits for investors was initiated that has led to a massive upsurge of capital investment. SIDCUL, the State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand has established seven industrial estates in the southern periphery of the state, while dozens of hydroelectric dams are being built in the upper reaches. However, hill development remains an uphill challenge as out migration of local peoples continues from the highland hinterlands. edit]Transport Uttarakhand is well connected with Rail, Road and Air modes of transport [edit]Airports ?Jolly Grant Airport (Dehradun) ?Pantnagar Airport (Pantnagar) ?Naini-Saini (Pithoragarh) ?Uttarkashi ?Gochar (Chamoli) ?Agastyamuni (Heliport) (Rudraprayag) [edit]Tourism Leisure, adventure, and religious tourism play a prominent role in Uttarakhands economy, with theCorbett National Park and Tiger Reserve and th e nearby hill-stations of Nainital, Mussoorie, Almora,Kausani, Bhimtal and Ranikhet being amongst the most frequented destinations of India. The state also contains numerous peaks of interest to mountaineers, although Nanda Devi, the highest and best-known of these, has been off-limits since 1982. Other national wonders include the Valley of Flowers, which along with Nanda Devi National Park, form a UNESCO World Heritage Site. To Uttarakhand, long called abode of the gods (Devbhumi), belong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of both the Ganges andYamuna fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with Badrinath (dedicated to Vishnu) andKedarnath (dedicated to Shiva) form the Char Dham, one of Hinduisms most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning Gateway to God is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take part from all parts of the India and the world. Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and Durga, references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends. [21] The architecture of most of these temples is typical of the region and slightly different from other parts of India. The ancient temples at Jageshwar (a complex of 124 temples in a deodar woodland) are historically the most prominent for their distinct architectural features. Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage not only for the Hindus. Hemkund nested in the Himalayas is a prime pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. Tibetan Buddhism has also made itself felt with the recent reconstruction of Mindroling Monastery and its Buddha Stupa, touted as the worlds highest,[22] southwest of Dehradun. The state has always been a destination for mountaineering, hiking and rock climbing in India. A recent development in adventure tourism in the region has been white water rafting and other adventures sports. Eco tourism, agritourism and rural tourism have also found new grounds in many villages of the state. [edit]Education Uttarakhand is home to several important educational institutions, including the oldest engineering colleges in Asia, the Indian Institute of Technology atRoorkee and Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture Technology in Pantnagar. Other universities and institutes of prime importance include,Indian Military Academy in Dehradun, Forest Research Institute in Dehradun, Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College in Pauri and Kumaon Engineering College, Dwarahat. Uttarakhand is home to several reputed and prestigious day and boarding schools including St. Josephs College Nainital), The Doon School (Dehradun),Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), Marshall School (Dehradun), SelaQui International School (Dehradun), Brightlands(Dehradun), St. Josephs Academy (Dehradun), Woodstock School (Landour), St. Georges College (Mussoorie) Birla Vidya Mandir (Nainital), Sherwood College (Nainital), All Saints College (Nainital), St. Marys Convent (Nainital), Sainik School Ghorakhal near Bhowali and G D Birla Memorial School(Ranikhet). Several Indian luminaries have attended these schools including former prime ministers and film stars. Historically, Uttarakhand is believed to be the land where the Vedas and the Shastras were composed and the great epic, the Mahabharata, was written. Rishikesh is widely considered the Yoga capital of the world. [edit]Universities Garhwal and Kumaun Universities were founded in 1973 as part of the upsurge of regional sentiment that led to the Uttarakhand statehood. The most famous universities of Uttarakhand are: NameLocation Indian Institute of Management Kashipur Central UniversityKashipur Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Central UniversityRoorkee National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Central UniversitySrinagar Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Central UniversityDehradun All India Institute of Medical Sciences from 2012 Central UniversityRishikesh Dakpather Degree Collage HNB UniversityDakpather Indian Institute of Management from 2012Central UniversityKashipur Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture Technology State UniversityPantnagar Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University Central UniversityTehri Garhwal, Srinagar Pauri Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, Pauri Garhwal State Government Engineer CollegePauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand Kumaon Engineering College, Dwarahat State Government Engineer CollegeDwarahat, Almora, Uttarakhand Kumaun University State UniversityNainital and Almora Uttarakhand Technical University State UniversityDehradun Doon University State UniversityDehradun University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Private UniversityDehradun Himgiri Nabh Vishwavidyalaya (University in the Sky)Private UniversityDehradun Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India(ICFAI) Private UniversityDehradun Forest Research Institute Deemed UniversityDehradun Himalayan Institute of Hospital Trust Deemed UniversityDehradun Graphic Era UniversityDeemed UniversityDehradun Gurukul Kangri University Deemed UniversityHaridwar University of Patanjali (Patanjali Yogpeeth)Private UniversityHaridwar Dev Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya Private UniversityHaridwar Uttarakhand Open University State UniversityHaldwani Gurukul Kangri UniversityHardwar Central Deemed UniversitySeemant Institute of Technology ,Pithoragarh(Uttarakhand Technical University)Sanctioned [edit]Leading colleges doon institute of engineering and technology (shyampur , rishikesh) ? Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee ?Indian Institute of Management Kashipur ?Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, Pauri Garhwal ?Kumaon Engineering College ?Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ?Forest Research Institute ?Indian Military Academy ?Indian Institute of Petroleum ?Rashtriya Indian Military College RIMC ?University of Petroleum and Energy St udies ?Dehradun Institute of Technology ?Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University [edit]Entertainment Industry Although the entertainment industry of Uttarakhand is in its infant stage, yet there is a rapid growth in terms of audio visual entertainment. The pure folk seems to be disappearing from villages, so is the younger generation. Still there are many options one can get close to the folk music. Recently, in the honor of all who gave Bedupako Baramaasa folk tune an international fame and also to make Uttarakhand folk available all around the world 24X7, an online radio, which is one of the only and very first on-line radio of Uttarakhand available on web, was created by the name of bedupako.

Develop Delphi programs in Windows API (Without VCL)

Develop Delphi programs in Windows API (Without VCL) About the course: intermediate The course is written by Wes Turner, brought to you by Zarko Gajic Overview: This Guide is about developing Delphi programs without the Forms and Controls units or any of the Component Library. You will be shown how to create windows classes and windows, how to use the Message Loop to pass messages to the WndProc message handling function, etc... Prerequisites: Chapters: Introduction: The file size of a standard Delphi application is at least 250 Kb, due to the Forms unit, which will include a lot of code that may not be needed. Without the Forms unit, developing in API means that you will be coding in the .dpr (program) unit of your app. There will not be a usable Object Inspector or any components, this is NOT RAD, it is slow and there is no visual Form to see during development. But by learning how to do this you will begin to see how the Windows OS operates and uses window creation options and windows messages to do things. This is very useful in Delphi RAD with the VCL, and almost essential for VCL component development. If you can find the time and patients to learn about windows messages and message handling methods, you will greatly increase your ability to use Delphi, even if you dont use any API calls and only program with the VCL. CHAPTER 1: When you read the Win32 API help, you see that the C language syntax is used. This article will help you learn the differences between the C language types and the Delphi language types. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 2: Lets make a formless program that gets user input and creates a file (populated with system information), using only Windows API calls. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! CHAPTER 3: Lets see how to create a Windows GUI program with windows and a message loop. Heres what youll find in this chapter: an intro to Windows messaging (with a discussion on message structure) ; about the WndMessageProc function, handles, the CreateWindow function, and much more. Discuss about questions, comments, problems and solutions related to this chapter! More coming...

DePaul University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

DePaul University Admissions and Acceptance Rate With an acceptance rate of 70%, admission to DePaul University is largely accessible for hard working high school students with solid academic records. DePaul is test-optional, so students are not required to submit scores from the SAT or ACT. Additional application materials include a high school transcript and a completed application form.  Students can apply using the Common Application.​  Interested students should check out the DePaul admissions webpage and are encouraged to visit the campus. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016) DePaul University Acceptance Rate: 70%GPA, ACT and SAT graph for DePaulDePaul has test-optional admissionsTop Illinois colleges SAT comparisonBig East SAT comparison chartBig East ACT comparison chartTop Illinois colleges ACT comparison DePaul University Description DePaul Universitys 24,000 students make it the largest Catholic university in the country, and one of the largest private universities. DePaul was founded by the Vincentians in 1898, and the school remains committed to providing educational opportunities for students from a wide range of social and economic backgrounds. One in three undergraduates are first-generation college students, and students come from 100 different countries and all 50 states. DePaul takes advantage of its location in Chicago to provide students with hands-on, practical learning experiences. The university has one of the highest rated service-learning programs in the country. It has received awards for excellence in diversity and as one of the best places for women and diverse managers to work. In athletics, the DePaul Blue Demons compete in the NCAA Division I  Big East Conference. Popular sports include soccer, basketball, track and field, and tennis. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 23,110 (15,407 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 47% Male / 53% Female86% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17) Tuition and Fees: $37,626Books: $1,104 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,387Other Expenses: $2,364Total Cost: $54,481 DePaul University Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96%Loans: 59%Average Amount of AidGrants: $19,085Loans: $6,865 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Communication Studies, Finance, General Studies, Management Sciences, Marketing, Political Science, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 85%4-Year Graduation Rate: 59%6-Year Graduation Rate: 73% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Basketball, Soccer, Golf, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Volleyball, Track and Field, Tennis, Softball, Cross Country, Basketball Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like DePaul, You May Also Like These Schools University of Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Michigan - Ann Arbor: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University - Bloomington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Iowa: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDominican University: Profile  Columbia College Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Illinois at Chicago: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Religion and Healing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion and Healing - Essay Example Religious healing causes a healing of the person as a whole as opposed to physical healing only and some people have even abandoned the medical doctors in search for religious healers. In this paper, a critical analysis of three religions would be conducted so as to identify the practices involved in comparison to common practice and Christianity. The three religions include Buddhism, Sikhism and Bahaism. There have been major conflicts between faith healing and biomedical practice in the modern era due to diverse perspectives by the two as much as there are coinciding views. Barnes and Seres note that there were dramatic changes in the 1990s that caused religious healing to become a common feature in the American society (2004). The number of synagogues and churches conducting healing services increased and the use of alternative therapies increased. Similarly, there were amendments on immigration laws that saw America flock with various cultural communities bringing in their approaches to healing. Some of these included the Buddhist priests from Cambodia, herbalist acupuncturists from China, Hmong shamans and the santeros from Cuba. Buddhism has been described by many scholars as a religion that focuses more on philosophic principles as opposed to beliefs like Christianity (Pilgrimage India, 2009). Buddhists believe that in his early life, Buddha, also referred to as the great physi cian, learnt medicine and gained knowledge on the nature of diseases and the cure which enabled him guide the other people into healthy living. Buddhism would not delve so much into the meaning of sickness but rather on what a patient needs to do to be whole. In this religion, suffering would be a consequence of anger, greed, lust or passion of hatred. In Christianity, these would be considered as sin which eventually cause suffering according to Exodus 17 (New King James Version). Buddhism argues that physical and mental wellness would be achieved through developing a centered and unified personal approach to life. The well being of the body would come through the synthesis of the body and mind where the psychological, physical and spiritual dimensions form a continuum and an active interrelation. While the common perception has been that the body and flesh; spirit and matter; and soul and body are distinct, Buddhists see all these as a process where these features are interdepende nt and one. The mind influences how the body would be. Therefore, hospitals should provide appropriate environment for people to be trained on meditative awareness no matter the religious principles upheld in the institution. The inner resources could be optimized for healing and for personal health responsibility. Buddhism does not involve miracle cures such as those conducted by Jesus in the New Testament (Kajitani, 2005). Instead, it deals with methods that involve one’s emotional elements which accompany pain and at times intensify it. Dalai Lama observes that happiness is not a result of feeling, but rightful thinking, which involves transformation of a person’s understanding of existent nature (Bryson, 2009). All problems are a result of negative thinking. Naikan therapy helps one appreciate their independence with others resulting to a positive force that offsets personal problems which induce negativity. Morita therapy on the other hand tries to close the gap b etween the world as it is and the world as thought to be by filling it with positivity. Buddhists uphold inner healing which would then translate to the physiological healing. Therefore, it would be important to respect their religion when treating them if the physician is from a

Analysis of hard working summer student Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of hard working summer student - Essay Example The student’s response would most likely reveal his potential weak areas. The mentor should offer him sincere guidance and coaching in those areas so that he may amend the analysis and hence, the whole paper before forwarding it for getting published. The mentor should not send the paper without raising the student’s work to the level suitable for writing publishable papers. Should  the  mentor  simply  edit  the  student’s  paper  and  send  it  for  publication? No, the mentor should neither make an attempt to edit the student’s paper nor send it for publication on his behalf. Although if the mentor does so, this would provide the student with an instant relief and he would feel rewarded for his effort so far, yet the instant relief would ultimately prove harmful for the student. If the student is made to have a hard time now, he is likely to put in more effort in an attempt to make the paper publishable as per the required standa rds. In the course of trying that, the student would indeed learn all what would benefit him for the rest of his life as a researcher. Should  the  mentor  write  a  short  paper  of  her  own,  based  on  the  student’s  data,  and  send  it for  publication? Writing a paper based on the data collected and complied by the student is out of question for the mentor because it is fundamentally the data, that he sees problems with.

Drug Abuse Essay Example for Free

Drug Abuse Essay DRUG ADDICTION Drug addiction is a problem that has been increasing immensely among our society today. Drug addictions can only hinder or restrain us from accomplishing goals or dreams in life. People sometimes feel they are too bright, too powerful, too much in control to become addictive. Addiction can trap anyone. It can lead to harming ones body, causing problems in family structure, and contribute to the delinquency in society. The sooner people seek help for drug addiction problems, the more chances they have of gaining control of their life once again. However, abstinence is the safest way to  live a longer and healthier life. We are greatly influenced by the people around us. Today one of the number one reasons of teenage drug usage is peer pressure. Peer pressure represents social influences that affect us. It can have a positive or a negative effect, depending on what path one follows. There is direct and indirect pressure that might influence a person’s decision in using drugs. Direct pressure might be when a person is offered to try drugs. Indirect pressure might be when a person is around people using drugs and sees that there is nothing wrong with using drugs. Adolescents who use drugs seek out peers who also use and, in turn, are influenced by those peers (Berndt, 1992). A person might also try drugs just to fit in a social group, even if the person had no intentions of using drugs. Adolescents can try out different roles and observe the reactions of their friends to their behavior and their appearance (Berndt, 1992). One might do it just to be considered â€Å"cool† by the group. There are also other reasons why people might turn to using drugs. Emotional distress, such as personal or family problems, having low self-esteem, like loosing a close one, loosing a job, or having no friends, and environmental stress are all possible factors to causing one to use drugs.

Skateboarders Nationwide Restless; A Problem That Needs Attention? :: essays research papers fc

Skateboarders Nationwide Restless; A Problem That Needs Attention? Skateboarding. A sport that only requires a board and four wheels. One needs only seventy to one hundred dollars to get one. It seems pretty simple, doesn't it? Well it's not, and for one important reason. On a typical day, a skateboarder usually gets up at about 10a.m., throws their board in the trunk of their car, puts a Bad Religion tape in the tape player, picks up several other skaters and sets off to find a good spot to aggressively push their bodies to doing the unthinkable. Defying gravity, stretching the laws of physics and subjecting themselves to much physical pain and discipline all in a day's work. Everyone takes turns trying new moves and cheering each other on, a sport with no pressure to do better than anyone else, there are no winners or losers. You skate until you are exhausted, and go to bed early only to wake up and repeat the process the next morning. Skateboarders are mostly straight-edge, which means that they do not use drugs, or alcohol. This is because skateboarding, and improving requires almost constant practice. This determination in only clouded by the effects of drugs. Anyway when one performs an intricate maneuver flawlessly, the rush is greater than any pot or coke. Unfortunately, this cannot happen when a skater is denied access to their sanctuaries, there favorite spot. A good example is given by Johnston foster- "Last summer, me and some friends were skating at Phi Beta Kappa Hall, the theater at the College of William and Mary. I pulled a phat 360 kickflip down the three steps out front. The session was hot, we were all on (landing most attempted tricks) and it wasn't too hot out side. We all sat down to rest and then heard sirens in the distance. We saw a blue and white William and Mary Police officers' car pull into the parking lot. We got ready to run, but then realized it was too late. The officer made generalizations and decided that we are the skateboarders that previous complaints had been made about. Not listening to our sides of the story, the officer proceeded to write me and five others, ages ranging from 11-17 trespass warnings, stating that we are not allowed to be on the William and Mary campus for a year. The thing that sucks is that we had never been asked to leave by anyone before, no one at Phi Beta warned us and no signs were posted. How could she do that?

Discover Your Inner Economist

In his delightfully witty and humorous book, â€Å"Discover Your Inner Economist†, Cowen takes the dry and serious subject of economics from the mundane to the everyday. He begins by subtly stating that economics is not about money, but other motivations. â€Å"The critical economic problem is scarcity,† he says. â€Å"Money is scarce, but in most things the scarcity of time, attention, and caring is more important. †In a highly aimless, rambling style, Cowen leads the reader down many divergent paths from topic to topic, covering everything from how to talk your spouse out of buying a warranty on a new purchase to why your daughter will not wash the dishes to why we do not have to eat â€Å"sunk costs. † Throughout the book, two themes are clear. The first is that everyone is very self-centered, and motivation is all about â€Å"Me†, or as Cowen calls it, â€Å"the Me Factor†. The next motif, although highly correlated to the former, is cont rol. Both themes encompass the concept of identifying motivation.â€Å"The key to tapping your Inner Economist†, Cowen explains, is the ability to identify people's true incentives, which are usually more than money. Suppose you want your daughter to help out around the house by washing dishes. Should you pay her? Bad idea†, Cowen warns. â€Å"If you explain that washing dishes is her family responsibility, she may not always obey, but at least she'll feel some obligation. Bring payment into the picture, and her motivation changes. It becomes a market transaction†, writes Cowen, and â€Å"the parent becomes a boss rather than an object of deserved loyalty.† The point is that your daughter will soon come to realize that she would rather work for someone else. â€Å"Expect dirtier dishes,† Cowen concludes. Motivation and incentives are clearly interesting to us all, whether we acknowledge it or not. In his book, Cowen offers some unique theories on mo tivation and incentives. Big business is very interested in the concept of motivation; as the goal of any business is to be most productive, and this requires motivating employees to become their most productive. It is the responsibility of managers to strive to motivate employees so that they will make valuable contributions to the organization.Managers most frequently do this by offering rewards to motivate people to share their talents with the company. Managers seek to ensure that people are motivated to contribute important inputs to the organization, that these inputs are focused in the direction of high performance and that high performance results in employees obtaining the outcomes that they desire. Management theorists have come up with many theories to explain what creates a motivated workforce. Cowen believes that small improvements in understanding will bring a much better use of incentives (motivation).Cowen uses economic theory as the basis for using pattern recogniti on to incentivize. His book does not offer management theory, however, the author focuses on learning how humans in general are motivated, and these theories can be applied to business, personal lives, and just ordinary living. Study and research have proven that motivated employees are more productive than those employees who lack motivation. On this assumption, a look at some of the most widely known motivation theories may add some insight into the role of incentives as effective motivators. Frederick Herzberg’s theory is based on two factors: Hygiene and Motivation.The hygiene factors are based on extrinsic values such as salary, working conditions, ergonomics, status, and company policies. These factors, according to the theory, do not lead to motivation, but the absence of positive hygiene factors causes dissatisfaction. Herzberg’s other factor is motivation, which encompasses those work conditions that prompt intrinsic motivation. These factors include job satis faction, growth, achievement, and recognition. According to this theory, in order for employees to be motivated, there must be low levels of dissatisfaction and high levels of motivational factors.Herzberg suggests these factors should be used together to reduce dissatisfaction and increase motivation to achieve high productivity. Another famous motivation theory is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. This theory is based on the concept of levels of needs in human beings. This theory suggests that each level of need must be satisfied before someone is motivated to achieve the next level. The lowest level is physiological, then safety, then love, esteem, and finally self-actualization. The following chart from Accel- Team illustrates Maslow’s theory: (Accel Team, 2007)From an economist’s point of view, in Cowen’s book, one economist, Colin Camerer took a poll at the Davos World Economics Forum and polled big business gurus as their ideas on motivation. The number one and two answers were, respectively, Recognition and Respect, and Achievement and Accomplishment. Never mind that the sources may have been slightly skewed, he was polling a particularly successful group of businessmen and not average employees, but the point is that money did not make the top two as far as incentives go. Cowen does provide money its proper place within the motivation/incentive model, however.He does not dismiss money as a primary motivator, he merely sets it aside as the single most obvious incentive to allow thought for other, equally motivating incentives. Cowen demonstrates by example how the idea of everything being â€Å"up for market† is repulsive to humans. He notes that there are some things that simply cannot be motivated through monetary incentives. At the beginning of the book, as mentioned above, Cowen discusses the resistance of his stepdaughter, Yana, to washing the dishes. After he and his wife resorted to paying her, â€Å"she did them f or about a week and then stopped,† he says.â€Å"I knew this could happen. I understood that there is such a thing as intrinsic motivation and that if you pay people, you might weaken that. What I didn’t really â€Å"get† was the control issue. That when you start paying people to do a thing, they often see it as control. † But there was a happy ending: After Yana read the book, she started doing the dishes. For free. Cowen believes that we are also consumed with the desire for control. Cowen argues that if you want to have more control of what happens around you, you need to know how to balance the kinds of incentives you offer.As far as good reading, unfortunately, there are not enough economic tricks that break down neatly into interesting advice. When he discusses the techniques for motivating your dentist, like giving them a bonus for cavities well filled, he ends with, â€Å"I don’t think I can control my dentist or receive the very best care . By giving up this quest for control, however, I might get care that is just a little better than average. † Is that really any advice, or just an economist attempting to relate to real humans? Economics cannot tell you what the price of gold will be next week.But it can help you choose good restaurants, promises Cowen. The best sections of the book concern tactics for maximizing one’s cultural consumption, (at least according to Cowen’s standards). Cowen explains that those of us who enjoy unique and tasty flavors in our meals should avoid restaurants located in fancy shopping malls or on major thoroughfares. These restaurants must pay high rents to occupy such locations and, therefore, they need customers in high volumes. Because these restaurants must appeal to large audiences, meals there will be more predictable and bland than those served in restaurants located off beaten paths.So if you're hankering for dinner at a restaurant featuring bold or unusual tas tes – at a restaurant that serves ethnic dishes that are truly authentic — you'll have better luck going to a Chinese or Ethiopian or Cajun (or whatever ethnic variety you crave) restaurant that is located on a side street or in a suburban strip mall. With lower rents to pay, such off-the-beaten-path eateries are more likely than are restaurants in high-rent locations to cater to serious foodies. Choosing a restaurant is just one of many important and surprising insights offered in Cowen's book.He lists eight strategies for taking control of one’s reading, which include ruthless skipping around, following one character while ignoring others, and even going directly to the last chapter. Your eighth-grade English teacher would faint. But the principle here is valuing the scarcity of your own time, which people often fail to do. It works for movies, too—Cowen will go to the multiplex and watch parts of three or four movies, rather than just sit through one. Why wait for a highly predictable ending when a fabulous scene might be unfolding in the movie playing next door?Cowen also offers advice for how to defeat the boredom that, despite our best intentions to be culturally literate, overtakes many of us minutes after we enter an art museum. How do we deal with this â€Å"scarcity of attention†? Pretend to be an art thief, he suggests—in every gallery, pick one picture that we’d like to run off with. Sounds juvenile, admits Cowen, but it â€Å"forces us to keep thinking critically† rather than daydream about the snack bar. Cowen doesn’t really attempt to offer serious advice. He does offer some interesting anecdotes, however.Among the most valuable insights that economics does offer about investing is to ignore anyone who announces publicly that he knows what will happen to stock prices tomorrow. Anyone who sincerely believes himself to possess such knowledge will not give it away or sell it on the chea p. To do so would be like passing out hundred-dollar bills to strangers or offering to sell hundred-dollar bills for $25 apiece: Very few people are so selfless. If I am confident that shares of, say, IBM will rise tomorrow, I don't want other people competing with me to scoop up IBM shares.But finding a good meal, well, that's a different story. The most interesting insight for me is that bygones are not always best treated as bygones. The mid-19th-century economist William Stanley Jevons famously wrote that â€Å"bygones are forever bygones. † Economists have overwhelmingly taken Jevons' statement as advice to ignore sunk costs. This advice generally is sensible. Suppose you've spent $10 million building a machine that can do nothing but produce chocolate-covered pickles. You discover soon afterward that no one wants to buy your product.Your wisest course from this point forward is to suck up the loss. Continuing to produce chocolate-covered pickles that no one wants to buy will only deepen your losses, doing nothing to help you recover your investment. But Cowen shows that bygones should not be treated as bygones in all areas of life. When our self-image is at stake, past choices — costs that are irrevocable — often remain relevant for guiding our decisions today. Self –deception is another theme through which Cowen offers examples of our â€Å"Me First† mentality.For example, many of us think of ourselves as physically fit. Because of this self-image, we often buy memberships in gyms. But on many an evening, after a long day at work, we're typically tempted to relax at home rather than spend an hour exercising at the gym. The economically â€Å"rational† decision is to stay home and relax if that's what you prefer doing this evening. After all, whether you go to the gym or not, the money you've spent on your gym membership is already spent. You'll not get that money back if you don't use the gym this evening.So the fact that you've already paid for a gym membership should not factor into your decision on whether to go to the gym today. But sometimes this fact does indeed matter. Sometimes we think, â€Å"Geez, I've paid for that gym membership. I should go. † And we then summon our remaining energy and head off for some exercise — even though if we hadn't paid for the gym membership, we definitely would avoid the gym this evening. Again, as a narrow economic matter, that's a silly thing to say and do. From a less-narrow perspective it's entirely reasonable.By going to the gym we reinforce our positive self-interest. And if the mental trick of pretending that sunk costs are relevant helps in this effort, it's a worthwhile thing to think. For a wonderfully enjoyable and practically useful read you can do no better than to discover your inner economist by reading Tyler Cowen's new book. Tyler Cowen is a professor of economics at George Mason University. He is a prominent blogger at marginalrevolution, the world's leading economics blog. He also writes regularly for The New York Times, and has written for Forbes, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post.The book is a quirky, penetrating caper through everyday life that reveals how you can turn economic reasoning to your advantage—often when you least expect it to be relevant. Cowen aims to not â€Å"hit the reader over the head with economic principles, † but to offer an alternative viewpoint of economics and how it really can improve anyone’s everyday life. Even if you don't agree with all of Cowen's cheerfully offered opinions, it's a pleasure to accompany him through his various interests and obsessions.

Human Condition Essay Essay

The human condition is a term which references our complicated existence by highlighting our ongoing ability to adapt and change both our perceptions and values. Through our mental capabilities of both creativity and imagination, humanity is able to achieve a sense of both self-actualisation and liberation, resulting in them acting as the core of our existence where, without them we would become susceptible to the overwhelming flaws of the human condition. Evidencing this are the three texts, ‘Dejection: an Ode’, ‘This Lime Tree Bower my Prison’ and ‘Focus’, which Samuel Coleridge’s â€Å"Dejection: an Ode,† is a poem describing a man’s torment as he attempts to overcome his dispirited state as a result of the loss of a romantic relationship. The poem highlights the importance of creativity within humanity through the persona’s struggle to maintain joyous after the loss of such ability, presenting the fact that without creativity, we would become susceptible to the negative aspects of the world. Beginning the poem using pathetic fallacy, Coleridge relates the persona’s reality to the growing storm, which through describing the â€Å"dull pain† received from his loss, highlights the duality present within our emotions, and hence the idea that we have the ability to experience both love as much as we do despair. The poet again reinforces our vulnerability to reality by using a metaphor to describe how it â€Å"coils around my mind,† presenting the fact that without hope and optimism, reality can hinder our creativity. Describing that he was born with a â€Å"shaping spirit of imagination,† the persona alludes to the idea that humanity maintains the ability to bring about their own happiness, which as a whole, demonstrates to the audience that life can only ever be worth living when we have found our own contentment and joy, as encountered only through our imaginative pursuits. As the poem concludes, the importance of maintaining happiness is reiterated as the persona wishes his lover to rejoice, asking for joy to become the â€Å"eddying of her living soul,† which again expresses the concept of inner contentment, which at times can only be found through creativity, as the core of the human existence. Coleridge’s ‘This Lime Tree Bower My Prison’, is a poem describing a man’s changing views as he contemplates the natural word which he has been prevented from seeing. Coleridge’s poem demonstrates the ability of individuals to modify their morals and values upon receiving a cathartic release from their relationship with nature, as predicated almost entirely on the imagination. Through allowing the persona to visualise the encounters his friends are making with nature along their journey, Coleridge first demonstrates the capabilities of the imagination in allowing us to picture things in certain detail, as shown through â€Å"now my friends emerge,† which in all exemplifies the presence of imagination in our relationship with nature. Furthermore, the description of their journey demonstrates the liberation received from engaging with nature, as shown where they â€Å"wander in gladness,† which relates to the cathartic release obtained from viewing nature that pushes us to reassess our ideas and perceptions. By showing his gradual change in tone, the influence of the persona’s imagination is shown, which when in conjunction with his exclamation of â€Å"yes!† reveals our emotional capabilities if becoming engulfed in our imaginations of nature. Also, by choosing to allow the persona to speak in a melodramatic tone, the poet is able to again explicitly demonstrate his overwhelming feelings from picturing various landscapes, as seen in the alliteration â€Å"silent with swimming sense,† which further reveals nature’s ability to liberate our senses. Similarly, Coleridge’s conclusion to the poem, which involves a reflection of the persona’s realisations as he contemplated the beauty around him, provides a retrospective view of experience and what he â€Å"henceforth shall know,† which ultimately reveals humanity’s capabilities to both adapt and change their morals and values through perceiving new ideas and perceptions. Ari Kruger’s ‘Focus,’ is a 2011 short film depicting the changing perceptions of a young man as he enters and loses a romantic relationship. The film portrays the inevitable presence of flaws within the human existence, while simultaneously recognising the natural beauties that are still present. The concept of being unable to decipher things beyond the obvious is first received by Kruger’s choice to film in black and white, which in conjunction to the man’s struggle to continue to see the positive traits of his partner, highlights humanity’s inability to, at times, see beyond the realm of ‘black and white’ and hence recognise the more ‘colourful’ aspects. The man’s growing blindness over the beauties of his relationship due to an unnamed flaw is successfully conveyed through the use of camera focus to gradually blur the young girl until she is ultimately unrecognisable, which mirrors the consequences of choosing to focus singularly on the imperfections of humanity and overlook the positive attributes. In the shot where the girl looks grumpily along as he uses his computer, the device is seen as a metaphor for the technological advancements or barriers which have hindered his appreciation of all things natural, namely the positive traits of his partner. Parallels with this exist within Coleridge’s ‘This Lime Tree Bower My Prison,’ where the persona is blinded from feeling the beauty of nature by his resentment, describing how it had ‘dimmed mine eyes. ’ The superiority of those who recognise both the beauties and flaws of humanity can be seen through the higher positioning of the girl on the bed as the man sits on the floor, further highlighting the importance for ourselves to similarly do so. Through creating a parallel between the beginning and end of their relationship, Kruger demonstrates that despite the melancholy tones of the last scenes, the man has now achieved liberation by realising his own flaw as the pinnacle of their conflict, which as shown through the repetition of non-diegetic music, allows us to realise the cathartic release we can only achieve from recognising the dichotomised attributes of humanity. Although it is complex, the human condition can be simplified into several key aspects that act as the core of our existence, as outlined in the above texts. It can be seen that through creativity and imagination, humanity is able to reach a sense of self-actualisation which allows them to realise the basic flaws of their existence without overlooking its natural beauty.

Free Essays on The Negative Effects Television Has On Education

Many people believe that a home is just not a home unless there is a television in the house hold. In today’s world a house without a television is like a house in the winter without heat. It is a nessecity. In general, everyone loves television but most people never once take the time to think about the effect television can have on one’s education, It is hard to see but television actually can have a negative influence on an individuals education. Television can occupy a lot of people’s time during the day and night. For example children today rush home from school just to make sure they do not miss their favorite cartoons. Instead children should be rushing home to finish their homework or maybe to go outside and play with their friends. Television also can keep high school and college students from finishing their homework as well. Some teens stay up late night watching television and their favorite shows instead of studying for their exams and completing their homework. Students should spend less time watching television and more time attending to their school work. Some television programs promote improper speech or slang. School teacher try their hardest to teach student the correct way to speak but television shows just the opposite. Television shows how everyday people from different cultures speak and this can have a negative effect on one’s education. Some people want be like a certain image of a person they see on television. If the person they try to imitate has terrible speech or speaks in slang the person might unintentionally pick up the bad habits of speaking in slang as well. This is prime example of how television can have a negative influence on education. The negative messages television sends out sometimes can not be blocked. Kids sometimes take negative messages from television back to school with them which can cause a bad atmosphere for learning and getting a good education. From television kids ge... Free Essays on The Negative Effects Television Has On Education Free Essays on The Negative Effects Television Has On Education Many people believe that a home is just not a home unless there is a television in the house hold. In today’s world a house without a television is like a house in the winter without heat. It is a nessecity. In general, everyone loves television but most people never once take the time to think about the effect television can have on one’s education, It is hard to see but television actually can have a negative influence on an individuals education. Television can occupy a lot of people’s time during the day and night. For example children today rush home from school just to make sure they do not miss their favorite cartoons. Instead children should be rushing home to finish their homework or maybe to go outside and play with their friends. Television also can keep high school and college students from finishing their homework as well. Some teens stay up late night watching television and their favorite shows instead of studying for their exams and completing their homework. Students should spend less time watching television and more time attending to their school work. Some television programs promote improper speech or slang. School teacher try their hardest to teach student the correct way to speak but television shows just the opposite. Television shows how everyday people from different cultures speak and this can have a negative effect on one’s education. Some people want be like a certain image of a person they see on television. If the person they try to imitate has terrible speech or speaks in slang the person might unintentionally pick up the bad habits of speaking in slang as well. This is prime example of how television can have a negative influence on education. The negative messages television sends out sometimes can not be blocked. Kids sometimes take negative messages from television back to school with them which can cause a bad atmosphere for learning and getting a good education. From television kids ge...

Dont Hate the Authors Buy Book Reports Online and See the Light at the End of the Tunnel

Dont Hate the Authors Buy Book Reports Online and See the Light at the End of the Tunnel Dont Hate the Authors: Buy Book Reports Online and See the Light at the End of the Tunnel Have you been assigned to read one of the hard to decipher classics and then write a lengthy detailed book report demonstrating that you read and understood the themes, events and the author’s intention or style? If you begin to read the book and find it too far out of reach you might want to consider the fact that you can buy book reports online.   Why? There are many reasons to consider this option. Classics Teach about the Different and Subjective World of the Past The classics teach about a different from today ´s world that many younger readers know little about. It will be hard for someone who has little experience in life to grasp the themes and ideas behind the classics because they simply do not have the experience to relate to the book. It is challenging for one with limited life experience to appreciate the details and themes of the classics and it may be that they would gain more by reading the classics in maturity as opposed to youth. So, if you struggle with a task to read a â€Å"heavy† novel, think about book reports online. Forced Reading Causes Resentment towards Book Authors and Reading Itself It is indeed a good thing to read the classics as they can give you a perspective, shape your thinking and confirm things you have always suspected. The problem lies in the lack of choice given to students. We naturally resent anything we must do, regardless of the actual quality of the literature itself. It is akin to being forced to eat our vegetables when younger and growing to hate vegetables because of it. When we choose to read for enjoyment or curiosity we are able to relax and appreciate the literature at our own pace. Reading a Book While Never Fully Grasping It Is a Bad Use of Time With all of the other tasks and assignments students have, spending a disproportionate time on a book because it is hard to understand, and then not really gaining anything from reading, as it was likely rushed, is a bad use of time. The time is better spent on fruitful assignments the student will be able to use near term. If you are to really read a classic, really savor it, you must first have the capacity to do so. Second you must have the desire to engage in the activity. Third, you need to have the time, or make the time to fully dig into it, as classics are not light reading. They take time to digest, and you need to chew on them for a while to get the most from them.

The Movie Dances With Wolves Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Dances With Wolves - Movie Review Example This paper tells that the theme of loneliness is evident when Dunbar reaches Dakota. In the company of Timmons (Robert Pastoreli), Dunbar realizes that the place has been abandoned. After releasing the wagon driver, Dunbar stays in the new station for over a month with a wolf and a horse as his only companion. Every human being needs some sense of belonging. Dunbar lives in seclusion for the first month in his new camp. His only friends and family are the two animals, a wolf, and a horse. However, socializing with animals cannot fill the void that has been created by the absence of fellow human around Dunbar’s life.  No wonder he feels for the lifestyle of the Sioux. Incidences of gift giving portray familial ties of tribal life and humanity of Lakota people. Gift exchange can be witnessed when Lieutenant Dunbar prepares coffee for Lakota band that checks on him at the fort. When the warriors leave Dunbar’s camp, they are all carrying new coffee cups, which Dunbar pro bably gave them.  When the leader of the Sioux group, Kicking Bird issues Lieutenant Dunbar with buffalo skin, a strong familial bond is portrayed. A reflection emerges of how natives lived and their traditions. Dunbar seeks human love-a missing link in his life. He falls in love with the white lady and becomes a revered figure in the Sioux community identified with the name â€Å"Dances With Wolves†. The Sioux sail against traditional stereotypes with characters such as Tantoo Cardinal exhibiting no sign of caricature.  The Sioux are wise and noble whereas the adversary tribes are the Pawnees. They are hospitable. Despite Lieutenant Dunbar being on a rival camp, they accept him as one of their own giving him a new name â€Å"Dances With Wolves†. Christianity demands that people should accommodate one another and spread love rather than hatred. It is amazing that â€Å"Stands With A Fist†, a white lady who has lived among the Sioux since childhood found a ho me and a family in people who would otherwise want so much to exterminate her life. As it emerges, it is clear that the culture of the Sioux Indians is portrayed in a manner that is similar to the Christian life. The Sioux are caring for people.

Social security and Medicare reform Policy recommendations Essay

Social security and Medicare reform Policy recommendations - Essay Example In 2002, there were around 40.5 million citizens of United States who were enrolled in the program. In 2006, the government paid more than $80,000 for the program. The following is the data on the progress of the program. The data above shows how the US Government spends money on various specials groups in the population. The old age Insurance covers the retired workers, Spouses and children. The Survivors Insurance covers the widows, widowers and parents. It also covers the widowed mothers and fathers. The children are also included in the insurance cover. Lastly, the Disability Insurance covers the Disabled workers, Spouses and Children. This report refers to the month of February 2012. As compared to the earlier years, the government has improved both in Medicare and Social Security provision. In 2005, the USA residents had lost hope in the social Security Reform. In the same year, the residents were not concerned at all by the Medicare Reform. What mattered to them most was on the progress of the war against Iraq. The economic goals will be achieved through improving the care given to the elderly, developing and promoting a holistic approach which is person centered to the person who is given the care, through recognition and focusing on the empowerment of the beneficiary, and enhancing equality control throughout the systems of social security and Medicare. The policy recommendations stated that there was going to be no changes to social security since it does not contribute to deficit reduction. The president also believed that social security is not a driver of medium term deficits. The president reported that the Social Security program does not contribute at all to the deficit. There was a recommendation that the Social Security cuts to be put off. The other policy recommendation was to increase the eligibility age of those who were receiving the Medicare from age 65 to 67. The

The Monetary Union and UKs Defiance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Monetary Union and UKs Defiance - Essay Example The free movement of goods, services, capital and labour which resulted from the Single Market Programme meant that the member state would be constrained from imposing increases in taxes and regulation which would surely reduce benefits due to increase domestic production costs. To facilitate further trade, the European Union embarked on a venture of establishing a single currency for its members. The result of the EU monetary union was the euro. This currency is currently used by Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Monaco, San Marino while the Vatican City are licensed to issue and use the euro (UK DTI). It would be the interest of this paper to explore whether this move by UK affected its foreign direct investments economy due to its refraining from a supposedly beneficial single currency. It will also delve, to a limited degree, in the effects of EU enlargement in the UK's FDI. Business Aversion: The Case for Toyota and Nissan In the year 2000, the United Kingdom was threatened with pullouts from major industry players. Industrialists, one after the other, have warned that unless the UK joins Euroland, they will be forced to move their operations out of the country. One of the most prominent of this pro-Euro group is the Nissan Motor Company (UK) which manufactures automobiles from its plant in Sunderland. In April 2000, John Cushnaghan, managing director of Nissan (UK) announced that the high value of the pound was imposing an "unsupportable burden" brought about by exchange rates fluctuations. By May of the same year, the company claimed the strength of the Sterling against the Euro necessitated the need to cut costs by 30 percent. This loss, according to them, could force the company to transfer the production of the next generation of the Micra to be built in French and Spanish Factories transferring a 150 million investment (North, 2005). Another case would be that of the Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) LTD which required its British suppliers to use euro for its financial transactions with the company. The move was brought about by the 1999 operating loss in British operations (BBC, 2000). The requirement, Toyota claims, would reduce the risk to the company that it could lose money when converting euros to sterling in order to pay British suppliers (CNN, 2000). Toyota (UK) has a passenger car plant in Derbyshire producing Avensis and Corolla with an initial investment of 1.1billion. It also has an Engine Plant in North Wales with an initial investment of 400m. (Toyota Online, 2006) Toyota has also expressed its propensity to shop around in euro-friendly countries for cheaper goods if the pound remained high. Yoshio Ishizaka, a senior managing director for Toyota, said his

Stainless Steel Rods: Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus

Stainless Steel Rods: Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus Valentin Haemmerli Experimentally determine Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of stainless steel rods using magnetostrictive resonance Abstract Young’s modulus (E) and the shear modulus (ÃŽ ¼) of thin stainless steel rods, as well as Poisson’s ratio (ÏÆ'), were experimentally found by determining the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies for different known lengths of rods using magnetostrictive resonance. Young’s modulus was found to be 140 GPa  ±17 and shear modulus 59.2 GPa  ±5.7. Poisson’s ratio was found for the rods of varying length and three of these were within right range at: 0.23 ±0.07 for the 0.417m rod, 0.13 ±0.04 for the 0.411m rod and 0.11 ±0.03 for the 0.251m rod. Introduction This experiment aimed to determine Young’s modulus (E) and the shear modulus (ÃŽ ¼) of thin stainless steel rods, as well as Poisson’s ratio (ÏÆ'), by finding the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies for different known lengths of rods using magnetostrictive resonance. A drive coil connected to a power amplifier was used to vary the driving frequency and excite the steel rods. The vibrations of the steel rods due to the changing magnetic field were measured using a stereo cartridge connected to an oscilloscope. Theory Magnetostriction is the effect observed when magnetic materials in an external magnetic field increase in length very slightly, due to the alignment of the microscopic domains. By rapidly reversing a magnetic field around a ferrous rod, such as the steel rods examined in this experiment, it is possible to induce vibration by the motion of the domains [1]. Young’s modulus and the shear modulus of a material determine the frequency at which it resonates in different modes. Solids can experience three main modes of vibration; longitudinal, torsional, and flexural [2]. The modes examined in this experiment are longitudinal and torsional. Longitudinal vibrations are â€Å"stretching and contracting of the beam along its own axis† [3, p. 182] of the material when a driving frequency is applied, while torsional is a twisting motion of the material. Young’s modulus determines longitudinal resonance and shear modulus determines torsional resonance. The natural frequencies for longitudinal and torsional vibration of a steel rod are given by , (1) , (2) where , L is the length of the rod, and C are the wave velocities: (3) and (4) respectively, where E and ÃŽ ¼ are Young’s and shear moduli and Ï  is density. These equations are used to relate f to 1/L and thus find the elastic moduli. Poisson’s ratio, ÏÆ', is the ratio of change in dimensions laterally and longitudinally of a material â€Å"placed under a uniform longitudinal tensile (compressive) load† and is normally around 0.3 [3, p. 4]. Davis and Opat give this as , (5) where ÃŽ ³ is given by [2] . (6) Method The method was adapted from that used by Davis and Opat in â€Å"Elastic vibrations of rods and Poisson’s ratio† [2]. Six stainless steel rods of varying lengths between 0.102 and 0.417 m were individually clamped at their centres by three pointed screws to reduce contact and thus damping. The rods were then positioned to pass through a drive coil, also close to their centre, and finally the stereo cartridge stylus was positioned at the top of the rod, off centre on the flat end, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Clamp stand with rod clamped in the centre, coil clamped slightly above, and the stereo cartridge positioned above the rod to pick up vibrations. Foam used under clamp stand to attempt to reduce back ground vibrations. This positioning allowed for the detection of and distinction between longitudinal and torsional resonances. The two outputs of the stereo cartridge each respond to different component of motion of the stylus at 45ËÅ ¡ to the horizontal. Figure 2 is a diagram of the stereo cartridge stylus and placement on the end of the rod from Davis and Opat [2] which shows how it was possible to differentiate between longitudinal and torsional modes. Whenever resonance occurred and the two channels were in phase it was longitudinal as both directions of motion moved up and down at the same time. When resonance occurred out of phase it was torsional as the rotation meant the two directions of motion were outputting opposite signals. Figure 2: From Davis and Opat’s â€Å"Elastic vibrations of rods and Poisson’s ratio† [2]. Stereo stylus design (a) and placement on the rod (b) The drive coil was connected to a power amplifier and the output frequency was varied. The two outputs of the stereo cartridge were connected to the two channels of an oscilloscope. In this way, it was possible to vary the frequency until the amplitude shown on the oscilloscope was a maximum and record the frequency. This was repeated for rods of different length. Also recorded were the mass and diameter of each rod analysed in order to find the density since each steel rod had slightly different composition. Results Figure 3 shows the resonant frequency plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of steel rods. Also plotted is a line of best fit by least squares method with intercept 0 as a result of equation (1), if 1/L =0, f=0. The error bars on the frequency are the standard errors found by regression. Error in the equipment for frequency was 2Hz and insignificant compared to the large random error. Error bars in the reciprocal length comes from the percentage error of the measurements due to an equipment error of  ±0.003m. As can be seen, the line of best fit is outside of the error boxes created by these errors and this suggests that the data is not very reliable and that there are not enough points for the line of best fit to be very accurate. Figure 3: Resonant frequencies (kHz) of longitudinal vibrations for n=1 (fundamental) plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of the rods (m-1). The gradient of the fitted line in Figure 3 is 2.095 kHz  ±0.129. Using equations (1) and (3) with n=1, this gives E=140 GPa  ±17 using Ï steel =7970 kg m-3 [3, p. 435], or using the average of the densities of steel recorded (Ï  =8020 kg m-3  ±700) E=141 GPa  ±20. Similar to Figure 3, Figure 4 shows the fundamental resonant frequencies for torsional vibrations of the same rods. Figure 4: Resonant frequencies (kHz) of torsional vibrations for n=1 (fundamental) plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of the rods (m-1). The gradient of the fitted line in Figure 3 is 1.363 kHz  ±0.066. Using equations (2) and (4) with n=1, this gives ÃŽ ¼= 59.2 GPa  ±5.7 using Ï steel =7970 kg m-3 [3, p. 435], or using the average of the densities of steel recorded (Ï  =8020 kg m-3  ±701) ÃŽ ¼=59.6 GPa  ±7.8. Poisson’s Ratio (ÏÆ') is found from the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies of the same rod and the same mode (n=1) using equations (5) and (6). This quantity varies for each rod, again evidence of a large random error in the resonant frequencies. Table 1 shows the different values of ÏÆ'. The errors for Poisson’s ratio are calculated based on the random error in each of the resonant frequencies. Table 1: Poisson’s Ratio for different lengths of rods for mode n=1 from equations (5) and (6) Discussion Young’s modulus and shear modulus are in the same order of magnitude as literature values, with experimentally determined E=140GPa compared to a literature value of around 180 GPa for stainless steel [4] or 194 according to Blevins [3]. Experimentally determined shear modulus was found to be ÃŽ ¼=59.2GPa compared to 77.2Gpa [5]. The result for the shear modulus is more accurate, and this is confirmed by the smaller random error. The errors due to the equipment for these measurements are very small, since the frequency could be varied to within 0.1 Hz and differences in amplitudes on the oscilloscope could be observed within 2Hz. However, with only 5 points, and no modes higher than n=1 to confirm the resonant frequencies, as well as a limited few lengths, there are not enough points of data to obtain a truly accurate result. For Poisson’s Ratio, there is a large variation between the values for each rod, which is in part linked to the large random error in the frequency values themselves, but which may also be due in part to the differences in the type of steel used in each rod. They are almost all of the right order of magnitude, and some are very close to the literature value of 0.265 [3, p. 435]. One major problem encountered was the fact that no resonant frequencies above 15kHz were observed. Whether this is a limitation of the stereo cartridge or due to the extremely small width of the resonances at these high frequencies, or a combination of both, is unclear. However, it may be possible to detect resonances at higher frequencies with a more sensitive stereo cartridge or a more accurate power amplifier. While the power amplifier used was adjustable to 0.1Hz at low frequencies, above 10kHz this was reduced to 1Hz. Another improvement to the method is to use more and longer rods. This is similar to the problem addressed above of high frequency resonances being difficult to detect. No resonances were found for the shortest rod available because all, including the n=1 mode, were too high. With longer rods, and more data points, a more accurate result could be In some cases, it was difficult to record data accurately or to detect resonances due to background vibrations. For example, the movement of a chair 5m away was enough to create a very unstable oscilloscope trace due to the sensitivity of the stereo cartridge to low frequencies. This was the case despite efforts to reduce the background vibrations by placing the clamp stand set up on foam. An extension to non-ferrous materials was attempted by using a small piece of steel with two longer pieces of aluminium attached with screws on either side. However, only one strong resonance was detected, which was not close to the predicted resonance of aluminium, and since the issues mentioned above meant that it was difficult to obtain enough data even for steel rods it was decided not to pursue this. As Davis and Opat put it, â€Å"Inhomogeneities in the structure of the rod can lead to coupling of the different vibrational modes and the description of the oscillating rod rapidly becomes more complex.† [2]. A more appropriate method for generating vibrations in rods of non-ferrous materials is outlined by Meiners and may be found in â€Å"Physics Demonstration Experiments† on page 439 [6]. Conclusion The longitudinal and torsional resonance frequencies for stainless steel rods of varying known length were measured and used to determine Young’s modulus of 140 GPa  ±17 and shear modulus of 59.2 GPa  ±5.7 using literature values for density of steel. Poisson’s ratio was found for the rods of varying length and three of these were within right range at: 0.23 ±0.07 for the 0.417m rod, 0.13 ±0.04 for the 0.411m rod and 0.11 ±0.03 for the 0.251m rod. The random error in the resonance frequencies was large, which meant that none of the results are very accurate. The accuracy could be improved with more data form more rods. References Acknowledgements Thanks to collaborator in Data Collection: Bivu Nepaune 1